In the light reaction of photosynthesis,oxygen is released from:

What is the advantage of light reactions producing $ATP$ and $NADPH$ on the stromal side of the thylakoid membrane?

Which of the following does not participate when the light reaction synthesizes only $ATP$ or performs the cyclic flow of electrons?

Pigment system-$II$ ($PS$-$II$) is concerned with:

Which of the following minerals is essential for the photolysis of water?

$ATP$ synthesis in chloroplasts and mitochondria is due to a proton gradient across the membrane. Select the correct statements with respect to $ATP$ formation in chloroplasts:
$(a)$ Protons accumulate in the lumen of the thylakoid.
$(b)$ Splitting of water occurs on the inner side of the membrane.
$(c)$ Protons accumulate on the stroma side of the chloroplast.
$(d)$ $NADP$ reductase is located on the stroma side of the membrane.