Which of the following books was written by Theophrastus?

In the given columns,column $I$ contains the terms and column $II$ contains their descriptions. Select the correct match from the options given below.

Column $I$	Column $II$
$A$. Growth	$I$. Production of offspring
$B$. Reproduction	$II$. Composed of one or more cells
$C$. Metabolism	$III$. Increase in mass and increase in number
$D$. Cellular organization	$IV$. Sum total of all chemical reactions

$Assertion (S)$: Asterales is an order of maize.
$Reason (R)$: The family of maize is Megascolecidae.
$(a)$ Both $S$ and $R$ are true,$R$ is the correct explanation of $S$.
$(b)$ Both $S$ and $R$ are true,but $R$ is not the correct explanation of $S$.
$(c)$ $S$ is true and $R$ is false.
$(d)$ $S$ is false and $R$ is true.
$(e)$ Both $S$ and $R$ are false.

Which one of the following criteria is/are essential and form the basis of modern taxonomic studies?

Match the terms in Column-$I$ with their definitions in Column-$II$:

Column-$I$	Column-$II$
$(a)$ Growth	$(i)$ The number of individuals of each species remains limited.
$(b)$ Development	$(ii)$ New organisms differ from parents and may lead to new species.
$(c)$ Death	$(iii)$ Organisms increase in body size after birth.
$(d)$ Adaptation	$(iv)$ Organisms adjust to the environment by changing their structure,function,or behavior.
$(e)$ Variation	$(v)$ Cells of the zygote undergo changes according to their specific functions.
	$(vi)$ Organization of membranes and organelles by macromolecules.

Why are jams and pickles immersed in concentrated sugar solution or oil?