Living organisms can be distinguished from non-living things on the basis of which ability,excluding exceptions?

$n$ conducting wires of same dimensions but having resistivities $1, 2, 3, . . . , n$ are connected in series. The equivalent resistivity of the combination is

If $1^{\circ} = \alpha$ radians,then the approximate value of $\cos(60^{\circ} 1^{\prime})$ is

The rate of steady volume flow of water through a capillary tube of length $l$ and radius $r$, under a pressure difference of $p$ is $V$. This tube is connected with another tube of the same length but half the radius, in series. Then, the rate of steady volume flow through them is (The pressure difference across the combination is $p$.)

The figure shows a system of logic gates. From the study of the truth table,it can be found that to produce a high output $(1)$ at $R$,we must have

$A$ particle of mass $M$ is at a distance $a$ from the surface of a thin spherical shell of uniform mass $M$ and radius $a$. Which of the following statements is true regarding the gravitational field and potential inside the shell?