For effective transmission of a wave with frequency $3000 \text{ kHz}$,the minimum length of the antenna should be ...... $m$.

The layer of the atmosphere which efficiently reflects high frequency waves particularly at night is

$A$ signal of frequency $3 \text{ kHz}$ is amplitude modulated on a carrier wave of frequency $2.5 \text{ MHz}$. The upper and lower sideband frequencies in the resultant signal are

$A$ message signal of $12 kHz$ and peak voltage $20 V$ is used to modulate a carrier wave of frequency $12 MHz$ and peak voltage $30 V$. Then,the modulation index is

The maximum frequency of transmitted radio waves above which the radio waves are no longer reflected back by the ionosphere is . . . . . . ($N=$ maximum electron density of the ionosphere, $g=$ acceleration due to gravity).

In amplitude modulation,