$A$ plano-convex lens is made of glass with a refractive index of $1.5$. The radius of curvature of its convex surface is $R$. What is its focal length?

Consider an ionic solid $M X$ with $NaCl$ structure. Construct a new structure $( Z )$ whose unit cell is constructed from the unit cell of $M X$ following the sequential instructions given below. Neglect the charge balance.

$(i)$ Remove all the anions ( $X$ ) except the central one

$(ii)$ Replace all the face centered cations $(M)$ by anions $(X)$

$(iii)$ Remove all the corner cations $(M)$

$(iv)$ Replace the central anion ( $X$ ) with cation $(M)$

The value of $\left(\frac{\text { number of anions }}{\text { number of cations }}\right)$ in $Z$ is. . . . .