$A$ small bulb is placed at the bottom of a tank containing water to a depth of $80 \, cm$. What is the area of the surface of water through which light from the bulb can emerge out? The refractive index of water is $1.33$. (Consider the bulb to be a point source.)

On a bright sunny day,a diver of height $h$ stands at the bottom of a lake of depth $H$. Looking upward,he can see objects outside the lake in a circular region of radius $R$. Beyond this circle,he sees the images of objects lying on the floor of the lake. If the refractive index of water is $4/3$,then the value of $R$ is:

Three rays of light,namely red $(R)$,green $(G)$ and blue $(B)$ are incident on the face $PQ$ of a right-angled prism $PQR$ as shown in the figure. The refractive indices of the material of the prism for red,green and blue wavelengths are $1.27$,$1.42$ and $1.49$ respectively. The colour of the ray$(s)$ emerging out of the face $PR$ is:

An endoscope is employed by a physician to view the internal parts of a body organ. It is based on the principle of

Explain the principle,construction,and working of an optical fibre.

The speed of light in two media $c_1$ and $c_2$ are $1.5 \times 10^8 \ m/s$ and $2 \times 10^8 \ m/s$ respectively. If the light undergoes total internal reflection,the critical angle between the two media is