$A$ wire elongates by $l \ mm$ when a load $W$ is hanged from it. If the wire goes over a pulley and two weights $W$ each are hung at the two ends,the elongation of the wire will be (in $mm$)

In nature,the failure of structural members usually results from large torque because of twisting or bending rather than due to tensile or compressive strains. This process of structural breakdown is called buckling. In cases of tall cylindrical structures like trees,the torque is caused by their own weight bending the structure,such that the vertical line through the centre of gravity does not fall within the base. The elastic torque caused by this bending about the central axis of the tree is given by $\frac{Y\pi r^4}{4R}$,where $Y$ is the Young's modulus,$r$ is the radius of the trunk,and $R$ is the radius of curvature of the bent surface along the height of the tree containing the centre of gravity (the neutral surface). Estimate the critical height of a tree for a given radius of the trunk.

Two wires $A$ and $B$ made of different materials of length $6.0 \ cm$ and $5.4 \ cm$, respectively, and area of cross-sections $3.0 \times 10^{-5} \ m^2$ and $4.5 \times 10^{-5} \ m^2$, respectively, are stretched by the same magnitude under a given load. The ratio of the Young's modulus of $A$ to that of $B$ is $x : 3$. The value of $x$ is . . . . . . . . . . .

If the ratio of length,radii,and Young's modulus of steel and aluminium wire are $a, b, c$ respectively,then the corresponding ratio of increase in their length would be:

Two wires $A$ and $B$ made of the same material and areas of cross-section in the ratio $1: 2$ are stretched by the same force. If the masses of the wires $A$ and $B$ are in the ratio $2: 3$, then the ratio of the elongations of the wires $A$ and $B$ is

The pressure that has to be applied to the ends of a steel wire of length $10 \ cm$ to keep its length constant when its temperature is raised by $100 \ ^\circ C$ is: (For steel,Young's modulus $Y = 2 \times 10^{11} \ N/m^2$ and coefficient of thermal expansion $\alpha = 1.1 \times 10^{-5} \ K^{-1}$)