An alpha particle $\left({ }^{4} He\right)$ has a mass of $4.00300 \ amu$. $A$ proton has a mass of $1.00783 \ amu$ and a neutron has a mass of $1.00867 \ amu$. The binding energy of an alpha particle estimated from these data is closest to: (in $MeV$)

The binding energy of nucleons in a nucleus can be affected by the pairwise Coulomb repulsion. Assume that all nucleons are uniformly distributed inside the nucleus. Let the binding energy of a proton be $E_b^p$ and the binding energy of a neutron be $E_b^n$ in the nucleus. Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct?
$(A)$ $E_b^p - E_b^n$ is proportional to $Z(Z-1)$ where $Z$ is the atomic number of the nucleus.
$(B)$ $E_b^p - E_b^n$ is proportional to $A^{-1/3}$ where $A$ is the mass number of the nucleus.
$(C)$ $E_b^p - E_b^n$ is positive.
$(D)$ $E_b^p$ increases if the nucleus undergoes a beta decay emitting a positron.

If $M_0$ is the mass of isotope ${ }_{5}^{12} B$,$M_p$ and $M_n$ are the masses of a proton and a neutron respectively,then the nuclear binding energy of the isotope is:

The binding energy per nucleon of ${O^{16}}$ is $7.97 \,MeV$ and that of ${O^{17}}$ is $7.75 \,MeV$. The energy (in $MeV$) required to remove a neutron from ${O^{17}}$ is

The mass equivalent of $931\, MeV$ energy is

Explain the following forms and principles of energy:
$(a)$ The Equivalence of Mass and Energy
$(b)$ Nuclear Energy
$(c)$ The Principle of Conservation of Energy