The area where succession can take several th | vedclass

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(B) Ecological succession is the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. Primary succession occurs in areas w

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Sand dunes

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(B) Ecological succession is the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. Primary succession occurs in areas where no living organisms previously existed,such as bare rock or sand dunes. Because these areas lack soil and organic matter,the process of soil formation and colonization by pioneer species is extremely slow. Consequently,it can take several thousand years for primary succession on sand dunes to reach a stable climax community. In contrast,secondary succession (as seen in burnt forests,flooded lands,or abandoned farmlands) occurs much faster because soil and some organic matter are already present.

Column-$I$	Column-$II$
$(P)$ First trophic level	$(I)$ Humans,Lion
$(Q)$ Second trophic level	$(II)$ Zooplankton,Grasshopper,Cow
$(R)$ Third trophic level	$(III)$ Phytoplankton,Grass,Trees
$(S)$ Fourth trophic level	$(IV)$ Birds,Fishes,Wolf

The area where succession can take several thousand years to reach a climax community is:

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Match the following columns:
Column-$I$ Column-$II$
$(P)$ First trophic level $(I)$ Humans,Lion
$(Q)$ Second trophic level $(II)$ Zooplankton,Grasshopper,Cow
$(R)$ Third trophic level $(III)$ Phytoplankton,Grass,Trees
$(S)$ Fourth trophic level $(IV)$ Birds,Fishes,Wolf

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