Chemical analysis of phloem sap shows the presence of:

Consider the following statements and choose the correct option from the codes given below:
$I.$ Loading of phloem is related to the increase of sugar in phloem.
$II.$ Active loading of sugar in the sieve tube of phloem is driven by a proton pump.
$III.$ Pressure may be positive or negative in sieve tube cells.
$IV.$ Water and solutes move through the sieve tube against the pressure gradient.
$V.$ Cytoplasmic strands pass through the holes in sieve plates and form continuous filaments.

The food stored in the ripening fruit is derived from

Spanner and Jones suggested which of the following methods for translocation through phloem?

Bidirectional translocation of minerals takes place in

The phloem sap is mainly composed of: