Chemiosmosis requires:
$I.$ $A$ membrane
$II.$ $A$ proton pump
$III.$ $A$ proton gradient

Photosynthesis is most active in . . . . . . .

In photosynthesis,energy from the light reaction to the dark reaction is transferred in the form of:

In non-cyclic photophosphorylation,there is photolysis of $12$ water molecules. How many $H^{+}$ are formed (in $H^{+}$)?

$ATP$ synthesis in chloroplasts and mitochondria is due to a proton gradient across the membrane. Select the correct statements with respect to $ATP$ formation in chloroplasts:
$(a)$ Protons accumulate in the lumen of the thylakoid.
$(b)$ Splitting of water occurs on the inner side of the membrane.
$(c)$ Protons accumulate on the stroma side of the chloroplast.
$(d)$ $NADP$ reductase is located on the stroma side of the membrane.

The entire process of photosynthesis consists of a number of reactions. Where in the cell do each of these take place? Photolysis of water ...........