Competition is best defined as a process in which the fitness of one species (measured in terms of its '$r$',the intrinsic rate of increase) is significantly:

In an intertidal area,when all starfish were removed,more than $Q$ species of invertebrates became extinct within a year due to $P$.

Describe commensalism.

The orchid $Ophrys$ employs 'sexual deceit' to get pollinated by a species of bee. One petal of its flower bears an uncanny resemblance to the female of the bee in size,colour,and markings. The male bee perceives it as the female and attempts to copulate with the flower. During this process,pollen grains are dusted on the male bee's body. What is this phenomenon called?

Which of the following is most appropriately defined?

In brood parasitism as observed in Asian koel and Indian crow,the eggs of . . . . . . .