Describe the various chemical reactions of aldehyde and ketone compounds.

(N/A) Aldehyde and ketone compounds undergo the following types of reactions:
$(a)$ Nucleophilic addition and nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions:
$(i)$ Addition of hydrogen cyanide $(HCN)$.
$(ii)$ Addition of sodium hydrogensulphite $(NaHSO_3)$.
$(iii)$ Addition of Grignard reagents $(RMgX)$.
$(iv)$ Addition of alcohols to form hemiacetals and acetals (for aldehydes) or ketals (for ketones).
$(v)$ Addition of ammonia and its derivatives $(NH_2-Z)$.
$(b)$ Reduction reactions:
$(i)$ Reduction to alcohols using $LiAlH_4$,$NaBH_4$,or catalytic hydrogenation.
$(ii)$ Reduction to hydrocarbons via Clemmensen reduction or Wolff-Kishner reduction.
$(c)$ Oxidation reactions:
$(i)$ Oxidation to carboxylic acids using $HNO_3$,$KMnO_4$,or $K_2Cr_2O_7$.
$(ii)$ Tollens' test (specific to aldehydes).
$(iii)$ Fehling's test (specific to aliphatic aldehydes).
$(iv)$ Haloform test: For compounds possessing $CH_3CH(OH)-$ or $CH_3CO-$ groups.
$(d)$ Reactions due to $\alpha$-hydrogen:
$(i)$ Aldol condensation.
$(ii)$ Cross-aldol condensation.
$(e)$ Other reactions:
$(i)$ Cannizzaro reaction (for aldehydes lacking $\alpha$-hydrogen).
$(ii)$ Electrophilic substitution reactions (for aromatic aldehydes and ketones).