Give reasons for the appearance of new combinations of characters in the $F_2$ progeny.

Humans have a genetic basis for sex determination.
$(a)$ Besides humans,which organisms have a genetic basis for sex determination?
$(b)$ Which chromosomes are similar in human males and females?
$(c)$ What is the function of these types of chromosomes?

New species may be formed if
$(i)$ $DNA$ undergoes significant changes in germ cells
$(ii)$ chromosome number changes in the gamete
$(iii)$ there is no change in the genetic material
$(iv)$ mating does not take place

If $YYRR$ represents round and yellow seeds,what do the following genotypes represent?
$yyrr$ $\quad$ $yyRR$

Some dinosaurs had feathers although they could not fly,but birds have feathers that help them to fly. In the context of evolution,this means that:

If a population of red beetles,living on green bushes,is being eaten by crows. During sexual reproduction,a green beetle is found in the progeny.
$(a)$ What is the future of the new trait?
$(b)$ Will it survive in the new habitat?