Identify $A$ in the following reaction.
$A + \text{chloromethane} \xrightarrow[AlCl_3]{\text{Anhydrous}} 1-\text{chlorotoluene} + 4-\text{chlorotoluene}$

The reaction in which $2$ molecules of chlorobenzene react with metallic sodium in the presence of dry ether to form biphenyl is an example of:

In the reaction shown below,the $o/p$ ratio will be highest when:
$C_6H_5R + HNO_3 \xrightarrow{H_2SO_4} o-\text{nitro-substituted product} + p-\text{nitro-substituted product}$

The product $(A)$ of the reaction is:

Identify $A$ in the following reaction.
$A \text{ (excess)} + \text{Acetyl chloride (excess)}$ $\xrightarrow[AlCl_3]{\text{Anhydrous}} 1-\text{Chloroacetophenone} + 4-\text{Chloroacetophenone}$

Assertion : $S_{N}2$ reaction of an optically active aryl halide with an aqueous solution of $KOH$ always gives an alcohol with opposite sign of rotation.
Reason : $S_{N}2$ reactions always proceed with retention of configuration.