In amplitude modulation,the amplitude of the carrier wave is $A_c$ and that of the modulating signal is $A_m$. In practice,the ratio of $A_m$ to $A_c$ is kept less than or equal to $1$ to avoid:
- ADistortion
- BAttenuation
- CFading
- DNoise
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Match Column $A$ (layers in the ionosphere for skywave propagation) with Column $B$ (their height range).Column $A$ Column $B$ $A$. $D$-layer $I$. $250-400 \ km$ $B$. $E$-layer $II$. $170-190 \ km$ $C$. $F_1$-layer $III$. $95-120 \ km$ $D$. $F_2$-layer $IV$. $65-75 \ km$
| Column $A$ | Column $B$ |
| $A$. $D$-layer | $I$. $250-400 \ km$ |
| $B$. $E$-layer | $II$. $170-190 \ km$ |
| $C$. $F_1$-layer | $III$. $95-120 \ km$ |
| $D$. $F_2$-layer | $IV$. $65-75 \ km$ |
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