In one model of the electron,the electron of mass $m_e$ is thought to be a uniformly charged shell of radius $R$ and total charge $e$,whose electrostatic energy $E$ is equivalent to its mass $m_e$ via Einstein's mass-energy relation $E = m_e c^2$. In this model,$R$ is approximately ($m_e = 9.1 \times 10^{-31} \, kg$,$c = 3 \times 10^8 \, ms^{-1}$,$1 / 4 \pi \varepsilon_0 = 9 \times 10^9 \, Nm^2C^{-2}$,magnitude of the electron charge $e = 1.6 \times 10^{-19} \, C$).

Three equal charges are placed on the three corners of a square as shown below. If the magnitude of force between $q_1$ and $q_2$ is $F_{12}$ and that between $q_1$ and $q_3$ is $F_{13}$,then the ratio of $F_{13}$ to $F_{12}$ is

$A$ charged metallic sphere $A$ is suspended by a nylon thread. Another charged metallic sphere $B$ held by an insulating handle is brought close to $A$ such that the distance between their centres is $10 \, cm$,as shown in Figure $(a)$. The resulting repulsion of $A$ is noted (for example,by shining a beam of light and measuring the deflection of its shadow on a screen). Spheres $A$ and $B$ are touched by uncharged spheres $C$ and $D$ respectively,as shown in Figure $(b)$. $C$ and $D$ are then removed and $B$ is brought closer to $A$ to a distance of $5.0 \, cm$ between their centres,as shown in Figure $(c)$. What is the expected repulsion of $A$ on the basis of Coulomb's law? Spheres $A$ and $C$ and spheres $B$ and $D$ have identical sizes. Ignore the sizes of $A$ and $B$ in comparison to the separation between their centres.

Two particles with charges $+3.72 \mu C$ and $+1.86 \mu C$ are at some distance apart. If $20 \%$ of the charge is transferred from the first particle to the second particle,then the electrostatic force between them is

$A$ charge $Q$ is distributed over a line of length $L$. Another point charge $q$ is placed at a distance $r$ from the centre of the line distribution. Then the force experienced by $q$ is

Two small metal balls of different masses $m_1$ and $m_2$ are connected by strings of equal length to a fixed point. When the balls are given equal charges,the angles that the two strings make with the vertical are $30^{\circ}$ and $60^{\circ}$,respectively. The ratio $m_1 / m_2$ is close to