Kidney crystals (stones) are solid clusters of:

Which one of the following is likely to accumulate in a dangerous proportion in the blood of a person whose kidney is not working properly?

Which one of the following is $CORRECT$ regarding struvite stones in kidney?
$I$. These are formed in response to bacterial infection.
$II$. It is a genetic disorder.
$III$. These grow quickly and become quite large.
$IV$. Occurs in people who consume high protein diet.
$V$. Affected people excrete too much of certain amino acid.

The presence of $RBC$ in urine is known as

When a person fasts for a long period,their urine contains an abnormal amount of .......

Nephritis is caused by