Obtain the amount of $_{27}^{60} Co$ necessary to provide a radioactive source of $8.0 \; mCi$ strength. The half-life of $_{27}^{60} Co$ is $5.3$ years.

The radioactivity of a sample at time $T_1$ is $R_1$ and at time $T_2$ is $R_2$. If the mean life of the sample is $T$,then the number of nuclei disintegrated in the time interval $(T_2 - T_1)$ is:

Two radioactive materials $A$ and $B$ have decay constants $5\lambda$ and $\lambda$ respectively. At $t=0$,they have the same number of nuclei. The ratio of the number of nuclei of $A$ to that of $B$ will be $(1/e)^2$ after a time interval of:

Calculate the time (in $minutes$) interval between $33\%$ decay and $67\%$ decay if the half-life of a substance is $20\, minutes$.

If the measurement errors in all the independent quantities are known,then it is possible to determine the error in any dependent quantity. This is done by the use of series expansion and truncating the expansion at the first power of the error. For example,consider the relation $z = x / y$. If the errors in $x, y$ and $z$ are $\Delta x, \Delta y$ and $\Delta z$,respectively,then $z \pm \Delta z = \frac{x \pm \Delta x}{y \pm \Delta y} = \frac{x}{y}(1 \pm \frac{\Delta x}{x})(1 \pm \frac{\Delta y}{y})^{-1}$. The series expansion for $(1 \pm \frac{\Delta y}{y})^{-1}$,to first power in $\Delta y / y$,is $1 \mp(\Delta y / y)$. The relative errors in independent variables are always added. So the error in $z$ will be $\Delta z = z(\frac{\Delta x}{x} + \frac{\Delta y}{y})$. The above derivation makes the assumption that $\Delta x / x \ll 1, \Delta y / y \ll 1$. Therefore,the higher powers of these quantities are neglected.
$(1)$ Consider the ratio $r = \frac{(1-a)}{(1+a)}$ to be determined by measuring a dimensionless quantity $a$. If the error in the measurement of $a$ is $\Delta a$ $(\Delta a / a \ll 1)$,then what is the error $\Delta r$?
$(2)$ In an experiment,the initial number of radioactive nuclei is $3000$. It is found that $1000 \pm 40$ nuclei decayed in the first $1.0 \ s$. For $|x| \ll 1$,$\ln(1+x) \approx x$ up to the first power in $x$. The error $\Delta \lambda$,in the determination of the decay constant $\lambda$,in $s^{-1}$,is:

The radioactivity of a sample is $R_1$ at a time $T_1$ and $R_2$ at a time $T_2$. If the half-life of the specimen is $T$,the number of atoms that have disintegrated in the time $(T_2 - T_1)$ is proportional to