Which of the following is the strongest -I (i | vedclass

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(B) The inductive effect ($-I$ effect) is the permanent displacement of shared electron pairs along a carbon chain due to the difference in electroneg

Vedclass · Accepted Answer

$-COOH$

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(B) The inductive effect ($-I$ effect) is the permanent displacement of shared electron pairs along a carbon chain due to the difference in electronegativity of the atoms or groups attached.Comparing the given groups:$1$. $-OH$: Oxygen is electronegative,but it is bonded to a hydrogen atom.$2$. $-COOH$: This group contains a carbonyl group $(C=O)$ which is strongly electron-withdrawing,making it a very strong $-I$ group.$3$. $-F$: Fluorine is the most electronegative element,but in the context of organic substituents,the $-COOH$ group exerts a stronger overall electron-withdrawing effect due to the combined effect of the electronegative oxygen atoms and the $sp^2$ hybridized carbon.$4$. $-OCH_3$: The methoxy group has an oxygen atom,but the electron-donating $+M$ effect of the lone pairs on oxygen partially offsets its $-I$ effect.Therefore,among the given options,$-COOH$ is the strongest $-I$ group.

Which of the following is the strongest $-I$ (inductive effect) group?

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