The $X$-ray beam coming from the $X$-ray tube will be:

If the attenuation coefficient of aluminum for soft $X$-rays is $1.73 \, cm^{-1}$,what percentage of $X$-rays will pass through an aluminum sheet of thickness $1.156 \, cm$?

Bragg's law for $X$-rays is

The continuous part of $X$-ray spectrum is a result of the

When the atomic number of the first target is $Z_1 = 64$ and the atomic number of the second target is $Z_2 = 80$,the approximate ratio of the wavelengths of the $K_{\alpha,1}$ and $K_{\alpha,2}$ radiations is .......

$\Delta \lambda$ is the difference between the wavelength of the $K_\alpha$ line and the minimum wavelength of the continuous $X$-ray spectrum when the $X$-ray tube is operated at a voltage $V$. If the operating voltage is changed to $V / 3$,then the above difference is $\Delta \lambda^{\prime}$. Then: