The flat bottom of a cylindrical tank is silvered and water $(\mu = 4/3)$ is filled in the tank up to a height $h$. $A$ small bird is hovering at a height $3h$ from the bottom of the tank. When a small hole is opened near the bottom of the tank,the water level falls at the rate of $1\, cm/s$. The bird will perceive that its image's velocity is:

$A$ $2\,m$ long scale with a least count of $0.2\,cm$ is used to measure the locations of objects on an optical bench. While measuring the focal length of a convex lens, the object pin and the convex lens are placed at $80\,cm$ mark and $1\,m$ mark, respectively. The image of the object pin on the other side of the lens coincides with the image pin that is kept at $180\,cm$ mark. The $\%$ error in the estimation of focal length is

Find the luminous intensity of the sun if it produces the same illuminance on the earth as produced by a bulb of $10000 \, cd$ at a distance of $0.3 \, m$. The distance between the sun and the earth is $1.5 \times 10^{11} \, m$.

An opaque card is held over the lower half of a converging lens as shown in the figure. Which picture best shows the image that appears on the screen?

Answer the following questions:
$(a)$ You have learnt that plane and convex mirrors produce virtual images of objects. Can they produce real images under some circumstances? Explain.
$(b)$ $A$ virtual image,we always say,cannot be caught on a screen. Yet when we 'see' a virtual image,we are obviously bringing it on to the 'screen' (i.e.,the retina) of our eye. Is there a contradiction?
$(c)$ $A$ diver under water,looks obliquely at a fisherman standing on the bank of a lake. Would the fisherman look taller or shorter to the diver than what he actually is?
$(d)$ Does the apparent depth of a tank of water change if viewed obliquely? If so,does the apparent depth increase or decrease?
$(e)$ The refractive index of diamond is much greater than that of ordinary glass. Is this fact of some use to a diamond cutter?

$A$ plane mirror is placed $22.5\; cm$ in front of a concave mirror of focal length $10\; cm$. An object is placed between the two mirrors such that the images formed by both mirrors coincide. Find the magnification of the image produced by the concave mirror.