The length of a rod is measured by a meter scale having a least count of $0.1 \text{ cm}$ and the diameter is measured by vernier callipers having a least count of $0.01 \text{ cm}$. The length of the rod is $5.0 \text{ cm}$ and the radius is $2.0 \text{ cm}$. The percentage error in the calculated value of the volume is: (in $\%$)

Young's modulus is determined by the equation $Y = 49000 \frac{M}{\ell} \text{ dyne/cm}^2$,where $M$ is the mass and $\ell$ is the extension of the wire used in the experiment. The error in Young's modulus $(Y)$ is estimated by taking data from the $M-\ell$ plot on graph paper. The smallest scale divisions are $5 \text{ g}$ and $0.02 \text{ cm}$ along the load axis and extension axis,respectively. If the values of $M$ and $\ell$ are $500 \text{ g}$ and $2 \text{ cm}$ respectively,then the percentage error of $Y$ is: (in $\%$)

The random error in the arithmetic mean of $100$ observations is $x$; then the random error in the arithmetic mean of $400$ observations would be

$A$ physical parameter $a$ can be determined by measuring the parameters $b, c, d$ and $e$ using the relation $a = \frac{b^\alpha c^\beta}{d^\gamma e^\delta}$. If the maximum percentage errors in the measurement of $b, c, d$ and $e$ are $b_1\%, c_1\%, d_1\%$ and $e_1\%$ respectively,then the maximum percentage error in the value of $a$ determined by the experiment is:

The acceleration due to gravity is measured on the surface of the Earth by using a simple pendulum. If $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are relative errors in the measurement of length and time period respectively,then the percentage error in the measurement of acceleration due to gravity is:

Two resistances are given as $R_1 = (10 \pm 0.5) \ \Omega$ and $R_2 = (15 \pm 0.5) \ \Omega$. The percentage error in the measurement of equivalent resistance when they are connected in parallel is (in $\%$)