The phenomenon,which is not due to total internal reflection is

When a ray of light passes from one medium to another,which quantity remains constant?

$A$ beam of light has a small wavelength spread $\delta \lambda$ about a central wavelength $\lambda$. The beam travels in vacuum until it enters a glass plate at an angle $\theta$ relative to the normal to the plate,as shown in the figure. The index of refraction of the glass is given by $n(\lambda)$. The angular spread $\delta \theta'$ of the refracted beam is given by

An observer can see through a pinhole,the top end of a thin rod of height $h$,placed as shown in the figure. The beaker's height is $3h$ and its radius is $h$. When the beaker is filled with a liquid up to a height $2h$,he can see the lower end of the rod. Then the refractive index of the liquid is

Give the meaning of $n_{12}$.

$A$ fish rising vertically at the rate of $3 \, m/s$ to the surface of water observes a bird above the water,diving vertically towards it at the rate of $9 \, m/s$. The refractive index of water is $4/3$. Calculate the actual velocity (velocity $w.r.t$ ground) of the bird in $m/s$.