The temperature of the water of a pond is $0^{\circ} C$ while that of the surrounding atmosphere is $-20^{\circ} C$. If the density of ice is $\rho$, the coefficient of thermal conductivity is $k$, and the latent heat of melting is $L$, then the thickness $Z$ of the ice layer formed increases as a function of time $t$ as:

Two different rods $A$ and $B$ are kept in series as shown in the figure. The variation of temperature across different cross-sections is plotted in the graph. The ratio of thermal conductivities of $A$ and $B$ is

$A$ brass rod of length $2 \ m$ and radius $1 \ cm$ has one end maintained at $250 \ ^oC$. When steady state is reached, the rate of heat flow through any cross-section is $0.5 \ cal \ s^{-1}$. Find the temperature of the other end in $^oC$. (Thermal conductivity of brass $K = 0.26 \text{ cal s}^{-1} \text{ cm}^{-1} \text{ } ^\circ\text{C}^{-1}$)

Three rods of same dimensions have thermal conductivities $3K, 2K$ and $K$. They are arranged as shown with their ends at $100^{\circ}C, 50^{\circ}C$ and $0^{\circ}C$. The temperature of the junction is

Two conducting cylinders of equal length but different radii are connected in series between two heat baths kept at temperatures $T_1=300 \ K$ and $T_2=100 \ K$,as shown in the figure. The radius of the bigger cylinder is twice that of the smaller one and the thermal conductivities of the materials of the smaller and the larger cylinders are $K_1$ and $K_2$ respectively. If the temperature at the junction of the two cylinders in the steady state is $200 \ K$,then $K_1 / K_2 = . . . . . .$

$A$ metal rod of length $10 \text{ cm}$ and area of cross-section $2.8 \times 10^{-4} \text{ m}^2$ is covered with a non-conducting substance. One end of it is maintained at $80^{\circ} \text{C}$,while the other end is put in ice at $0^{\circ} \text{C}$. It is found that $20 \text{ g}$ of ice melts in $5 \text{ min}$. The thermal conductivity of the metal in $\text{J s}^{-1} \text{ m}^{-1} \text{ K}^{-1}$ is (Latent heat of ice is $80 \text{ cal g}^{-1}$.)