Three samples $X, Y$,and $Z$ of the same gas have equal volumes and temperatures. The volume of each sample is doubled. The process is isothermal for $X$,adiabatic for $Y$,and isobaric for $Z$. If the final pressures are equal for the three samples,find the ratio of the initial pressures. (Take adiabatic exponent $\gamma = 3/2$)

Carbon monoxide is carried around a closed cycle $abc$ in which $bc$ is an isothermal process as shown in the figure. The gas absorbs $7000 \; J$ of heat as its temperature increases from $300 \; K$ to $1000 \; K$ in going from $a$ to $b$. The quantity of heat rejected by the gas during the process $ca$ is ..... $J$. (in $; J$)

An ideal gas is subjected to a cyclic process involving four thermodynamic states. The amounts of heat $(Q)$ and work $(W)$ involved in each of these states are:
$Q_1 = 6000 \ J, Q_2 = -5500 \ J, Q_3 = -3000 \ J, Q_4 = 3500 \ J$
$W_1 = 2500 \ J, W_2 = -1000 \ J, W_3 = -1200 \ J, W_4 = x \ J$
The ratio of the net work done by the gas to the total heat absorbed by the gas is $\eta$. The values of $x$ and $\eta$ respectively are:

Thermodynamic processes are indicated in the following diagram. Match the following:

Column-$1$	Column-$2$
$P$: Process-$I$	$A$: Adiabatic
$Q$: Process-$II$	$B$: Isobaric
$R$: Process-$III$	$C$: Isochoric
$S$: Process-$IV$	$D$: Isothermal

$A$ monoatomic gas performs a work of $\frac{Q}{4}$,where $Q$ is the heat supplied to it. The molar heat capacity of the gas during this transformation will be $xR$,where $R$ is the gas constant. Find the value of $x$.

$A$ heating element of resistance $r$ is fitted inside an adiabatic cylinder which carries a frictionless piston of mass $m$ and cross-sectional area $A$. The cylinder contains one mole of a diatomic gas. The temperature of the gas varies with time $t$ as $T = \alpha t + \frac{1}{2} \beta t^2$ (where $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are constants), while the pressure remains constant. The atmospheric pressure above the piston is $P_0$. Then: