Why do proton gradients form across the thyla | vedclass

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(D) The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane is essential for $ATP$ synthesis via chemiosmosis. It is formed due to the following reasons:$1$

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All of the above.

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(D) The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane is essential for $ATP$ synthesis via chemiosmosis. It is formed due to the following reasons:$1$. The splitting of water molecules $(H_2O \rightarrow 2H^+ + [O] + 2e^-)$ occurs on the inner side of the thylakoid membrane,releasing protons into the lumen.$2$. As electrons move through the photosystems and electron transport chain,protons are actively pumped from the stroma into the lumen.$3$. The reduction of $NADP^+$ to $NADPH$ by $NADP$ reductase occurs on the stroma side of the membrane,which removes protons from the stroma,further increasing the concentration difference.Therefore,all these processes contribute to the formation of a proton gradient.

Why do proton gradients form across the thylakoid membrane during the light reaction of photosynthesis?

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