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(D) Ecologists and evolutionary biologists have proposed various hypotheses to explain why the tropics have greater biological diversity:$(a)$ Speciat

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(D) Ecologists and evolutionary biologists have proposed various hypotheses to explain why the tropics have greater biological diversity:$(a)$ Speciation is generally a function of time. Unlike temperate regions,which were subjected to frequent glaciations in the past,tropical latitudes have remained relatively undisturbed for millions of years,providing a long evolutionary time for species diversification.$(b)$ Tropical environments,unlike temperate ones,are less seasonal and relatively more constant and predictable. Such constant environments promote niche specialization and lead to greater species diversity.$(c)$ There is more solar energy available in the tropics,which contributes to higher primary productivity. This,in turn,contributes indirectly to greater species diversity.

Column $- I$	Column $- II$ (Bird species)
$(a)$ Colombia	$(p)\; 1200$
$(b)$ $41^o N$ New York	$(q)\; 1400$
$(c)$ India	$(r)\; 105$
$(d)$ Greenland at $71^o N$	$(s)\; 56$

Why do the tropics have greater biological diversity?

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Column $- I$ Column $- II$ (Bird species)

$(a)$ Colombia $(p)\; 1200$

$(b)$ $41^o N$ New York $(q)\; 1400$

$(c)$ India $(r)\; 105$

$(d)$ Greenland at $71^o N$ $(s)\; 56$

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