Knowing that the chemistry of lanthanoids $(Ln)$ is dominated by its $+3$ oxidation state,which of the following statements is incorrect?

  • A
    The ionic size of $Ln(III)$ ions decreases in general with increasing atomic number.
  • B
    $Ln(III)$ compounds are generally colourless.
  • C
    $Ln(III)$ hydroxides are mainly basic in character.
  • D
    Because of the large size of the $Ln(III)$ ions,the bonding in its compounds is predominantly ionic in character.

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Although $(+3)$ oxidation state is the characteristic oxidation state of lanthanoids,cerium shows $(+4)$ oxidation state also. Why?

Identify the correct decreasing order of ionic radii of the following lanthanoids: $Ce^{3+}$,$Pm^{3+}$,$Sm^{3+}$,and $Gd^{3+}$.

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