The method in which recombinant $DNA$ is directly injected into the nucleus of an animal cell by using microneedles is called:

The significance of the heat shock method in bacterial transformation is that it facilitates:

How can $RNA$ impurities be removed during the isolation of genetic material?

Plasmid $pBR322$ has a $PstI$ restriction enzyme site within the gene $amp^R$ that confers ampicillin resistance. If this enzyme is used for inserting a gene for $\beta$-galactosidase production and the recombinant plasmid is inserted into an $E. coli$ strain:

Give scientific reasons: The products prepared by recombinant $DNA$ technology have to undergo downstream processing.

During $PCR$,denaturation of $DNA$ is achieved by which of the following?