Which form of heat was believed in before the modern time?

The variation of density of water with temperature is represented by the

$250\,g$ of water and an equal volume of alcohol of mass $200\,g$ are placed successively in the same calorimeter and cool from $60^{\circ}C$ to $55^{\circ}C$ in $130\,s$ and $67\,s$ respectively. If the water equivalent of the calorimeter is $10\,g$,then the specific heat of alcohol in $\text{cal/g}^{\circ}C$ is:

$A$ copper ring has a diameter of exactly $25 \, mm$ at its temperature of $0^o C$. An aluminium sphere has a diameter of exactly $25.05 \, mm$ at its temperature of $100^o C$. The sphere is placed on top of the ring and the two are allowed to come to thermal equilibrium,with no heat being lost to the surroundings. The sphere just passes through the ring at the equilibrium temperature. The ratio of the mass of the sphere to the ring is: (Given: $\alpha_{Cu} = 17 \times 10^{-6} /^o C$,$\alpha_{Al} = 2.3 \times 10^{-5} /^o C$,specific heat of $Cu = 0.0923 \, cal/g^o C$,and specific heat of $Al = 0.215 \, cal/g^o C$)

What are freezing and freezing point?

The $e.m.f.$ in a thermoelectric circuit with one junction at $0\,^\circ C$ and the other at $t\,^\circ C$ is given by $E = At - Bt^2$. The neutral temperature is then