Which of the following statements concerning the properties of solutions describes a colligative effect?

  • A
    Boiling point of pure water decreases by the addition of ethanol
  • B
    Vapour pressure of pure water decreases by the addition of nitric acid
  • C
    Vapour pressure of pure benzene decreases by the addition of naphthalene; Boiling point of pure benzene increases by the addition of toluene
  • D
    None of these

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Consider the following aqueous solutions.
$I$. $2.2 \ g$ Glucose in $125 \ mL$ of solution.
$II$. $1.9 \ g$ Calcium chloride in $250 \ mL$ of solution.
$III$. $9.0 \ g$ Urea in $500 \ mL$ of solution.
$IV$. $20.5 \ g$ Aluminium sulphate in $750 \ mL$ of solution.
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$A$ solution has a $1:4$ mole ratio of pentane to hexane. The vapour pressure of the pure hydrocarbons at $20 \ ^oC$ are $440 \ mm \ Hg$ for pentane and $120 \ mm \ Hg$ for hexane. The mole fraction of pentane in the vapour phase would be

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