Why do people prefer to give a layer of sand or foam insulation on ceilings made of concrete?

Two walls have thicknesses $d_1$ and $d_2$ and thermal conductivities $k_1$ and $k_2$,respectively. In the steady state,the temperatures of the outer surfaces are $T_1$ and $T_2$. What is the temperature at the interface of the two walls?

$A$ wall consists of alternating blocks of length $d$ and coefficients of thermal conductivity $K_{1}$ and $K_{2}$ respectively,as shown in the figure. The cross-sectional areas of the blocks are the same. The equivalent coefficient of thermal conductivity of the wall between the left and right sides is

$A$ window used to thermally insulate a room from outside consists of two parallel glass sheets each of area $2.6 \,m^2$ and thickness $1 \,cm$ separated by $5 \,cm$ thick stagnant air. In the steady state, the room-glass interface is at $18^{\circ} C$ and the glass-outdoor interface is at $-2^{\circ} C$. If the thermal conductivities of glass and air are respectively $0.8 \,Wm^{-1} K^{-1}$ and $0.08 \,Wm^{-1} K^{-1}$, the rate of flow of heat through the window is (in $\,W$)

Three rods of the same material,same length,and same cross-sectional area are connected as shown in the figure. Find the temperature of their junction in $^oC$.

$A$ slab consists of two parallel layers of two different materials of same thickness having thermal conductivities $K_1$ and $K_2$. The equivalent conductivity of the combination is