The half-life of a radioactive substance is $T$. The time taken for all the nuclei to disintegrate will be

Two radioactive materials $A$ and $B$ having decay constants $7 \lambda$ and $\lambda$ respectively,initially have the same number of nuclei. The time taken for the ratio of the number of nuclei of material $B$ to that of $A$ to be $e$ is:

The activity $R$ of an unknown radioactive nuclide is measured at hourly intervals. The results found are tabulated as follows:

$t (h)$	$0$	$1$	$2$	$3$	$4$
$R (MBq)$	$100$	$35.36$	$12.51$	$4.42$	$1.56$

$(i)$ Plot the graph of $R$ versus $t$ and calculate the half-life from the graph.
$(ii)$ Plot the graph of $\ln \left( \frac{R}{R_0} \right)$ versus $t$ and obtain the value of the half-life from the graph.

If the measurement errors in all the independent quantities are known,then it is possible to determine the error in any dependent quantity. This is done by the use of series expansion and truncating the expansion at the first power of the error. For example,consider the relation $z = x / y$. If the errors in $x, y$ and $z$ are $\Delta x, \Delta y$ and $\Delta z$,respectively,then $z \pm \Delta z = \frac{x \pm \Delta x}{y \pm \Delta y} = \frac{x}{y}(1 \pm \frac{\Delta x}{x})(1 \pm \frac{\Delta y}{y})^{-1}$. The series expansion for $(1 \pm \frac{\Delta y}{y})^{-1}$,to first power in $\Delta y / y$,is $1 \mp(\Delta y / y)$. The relative errors in independent variables are always added. So the error in $z$ will be $\Delta z = z(\frac{\Delta x}{x} + \frac{\Delta y}{y})$. The above derivation makes the assumption that $\Delta x / x \ll 1, \Delta y / y \ll 1$. Therefore,the higher powers of these quantities are neglected.
$(1)$ Consider the ratio $r = \frac{(1-a)}{(1+a)}$ to be determined by measuring a dimensionless quantity $a$. If the error in the measurement of $a$ is $\Delta a$ $(\Delta a / a \ll 1)$,then what is the error $\Delta r$?
$(2)$ In an experiment,the initial number of radioactive nuclei is $3000$. It is found that $1000 \pm 40$ nuclei decayed in the first $1.0 \ s$. For $|x| \ll 1$,$\ln(1+x) \approx x$ up to the first power in $x$. The error $\Delta \lambda$,in the determination of the decay constant $\lambda$,in $s^{-1}$,is:

$A$ radioactive sample is an $\alpha$-emitter with a half-life of $138.6$ days. $A$ student observes its activity to be $2000$ disintegrations per second. The number of radioactive nuclei for this given activity is:

If there is $0.1 \ mg$ of radioactive $Th^{234}$, how much of it will remain undecayed after $120 \ \text{days}$, given its half-life is $24 \ \text{days}$? (Answer in $\mu g$)